Research Repository

The institutional anchor for our thesis: most of data's value is untapped, and unlocking it needs a new social contract for data, not more collection.

Data Economics · World Bank

Data treated as a tradeable commodity, and where its value concentrates. The mechanics behind the Global South's less than three percent capture.

Data Markets · World Bank

The most ambitious continental blueprint for a shared data space and equitable benefit-sharing; primary anchor for our Global South data work.

Data Governance · African Union

An independent read of the Framework's ambition and its implementation gaps.

Policy Analysis · Future of Privacy Forum

Ten science-based principles for what makes an environmental instrument high-integrity; the benchmark our verification standard builds toward.

Verification Standards · ICVCM

The technical machinery of how instruments are actually assessed against the integrity bar.

MRV Architecture · ICVCM

The global consensus on producer lifecycle accountability, endorsed across OECD, UN, EU, WWF, and GIZ.

Circular Economy · OECD

How producer-funded accountability is being written into binding international law.

Policy Frontier · Ellen MacArthur Foundation

A working example of why lifecycle data matters. Once regulators price a persistent chemical, every producer needs traceable evidence of what is in the supply chain, and where it came from.

Material Traceability · Arthur D. Little

The original unified-ledger articulation: programmable settlement combining money and tokenised claims on real assets.

Financial Rails · BIS

The central bank blueprint for a tokenised unified ledger. The institutional case that tokenisation is infrastructure, not speculation.

Settlement Infrastructure · Bank for International Settlements

The Global South moving first on inclusive, fractional, real-time capital-market rails.

Regional Proof · Africa at LSE

A technical blueprint for multi-purpose vaults combining market making, lending, and options on tokenised assets, written for African capital markets. A working example of settlement rails designed for the liquidity realities we address.

Market Infrastructure · Sereel Technologies

The IMF counterpart on tokenising real-world assets and the cross-border policy questions it raises.

Tokenization Policy · IMF

The founding paper of zero-knowledge proof theory. Goldwasser and Micali received the 2012 Turing Award in part for this work. Every modern proof system descends from these definitions.

Zero Knowledge Foundations · Goldwasser, Micali and Rackoff, SIAM Journal on Computing

The smallest known proof size for pairing based SNARKs, roughly 128 bytes verified in three pairings. Still the benchmark for proof compactness.

Proof System Design · Groth, EUROCRYPT

A universal and updatable setup, one ceremony for all circuits. The leading alternative point in the proof system design space.

Proof System Design · Gabizon, Williamson and Ciobotaru, IACR ePrint

Trust environment design at the data layer. A governance flavoured entry into verification rather than a pure cryptography one.

Trust Architecture · World Bank

Catalogues the design patterns we work with: credential selective disclosure, threshold attestation, and privacy preserving audit trails across identity, finance, and supply chain.

Applied Cryptography · Lavin et al., arXiv

Systematic benchmarking of proof toolchains across generation time, verification cost, and proof size. The empirical basis for implementation selection.

Toolchain Benchmarks · Liang et al., arXiv

Millions of shielded transactions since launch. The long running proof that zk-SNARK generation and on-chain verification hold up in production.

Production Precedent · Electric Coin Company

Billions of TLS certificates logged through Merkle tree append-only structures with inclusion and consistency proofs. The data integrity pattern at internet scale.

Production Precedent · IETF

Selective disclosure over government issued credentials covering a population scale identity system. A proof of concept across more than a billion credential holders.

Production Precedent · Privacy and Scaling Explorations

Transparency logging applied to the software supply chain, now securing hundreds of millions of artifacts. The same append-only pattern, applied to trust in code.

Production Precedent · OpenSSF

Billions of proofs of storage in production. Proof of replication and proof of spacetime running continuously at network scale.

Production Precedent · Protocol Labs

Allen's ten principles: existence, control, access, transparency, persistence, portability, interoperability, consent, minimisation, protection. The conceptual foundation for the credential standards that followed.

Identity Framework · Christopher Allen

The standard for machine verifiable claims, defining the issuer, subject, verifier triangle and the proof envelope format. The interoperability layer for portable credentials.

Credential Standard · W3C

Weyl, Ohlhaver and Buterin on soul-bound tokens and non-transferable credential identity. Thirty seven pages that shaped how on-chain identity is now designed.

On-Chain Identity · SSRN

Requires data in structured, commonly used, machine readable format. Proof based verification satisfies portability and minimisation at the same time, because proofs travel without raw data exposure.

Data Protection · European Parliament and Council

Applicable from September 2025. Establishes data access and portability rights for connected device data, directly relevant to solar, e-mobility, and device verticals where telemetry is proprietary.

Data Access · European Commission

The primary data protection framework for our initial deployment geography, modelled on GDPR. Architecture that processes proofs rather than raw personal data achieves compliance by design.

Regional Regulation · Office of the Data Protection Commissioner, Kenya

A practical toolkit for emerging economies building research and innovation capacity on limited budgets. Close to our own position that constraint sharpens design rather than excusing inaction.

Emerging Market Strategy · Arthur D. Little

How industrial systems are being rebuilt around security and intelligence at the same time. Useful framing for anyone deciding where verification belongs in an operating stack.

Industrial Systems · Arthur D. Little